Fig. 1: Characterization of guinea pig LIM and FDM models.

Using the data from the treated (right) eyes, the refraction (a), AL (c), and corneal curvature (e) of the guinea pig LIM and FDM models were measured and compared with two-way ANOVA (refraction: n = 24–31; AL: n = 24–31; corneal curvature: n = 14–21). Using the differences between the treated (right) eyes and untreated (left) eyes, the refraction (b) and AL (d) of the guinea pig LIM and FDM models were demonstrated and compared with two-way ANOVA (refraction: n = 24–31; AL: n = 24–31). Representative HE staining images of ocular posterior poles from the normal control, LIM, and FDM groups are shown in f. The thicknesses of the choroid and sclera in these images were quantified in g and compared with two-way ANOVA (n = 54–60). The changes in the biometric parameters in the 2 myopia models are illustrated in h. Scale bar = 50 μm. All data represent the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. NOR normal control, GCL ganglion cell layer, INL inner nuclear layer, ONL outer nuclear layer, FDM form-deprived myopia, LIM lens-induced myopia, AL axial length.