Fig. 3: Partial effect plots of mean SOS in interaction with local land use on BIN richness per functional group.

Effects were derived from generalized additive models (gam) in which we included regional land use and interactions of local land use with all green-up variables, with all-climate variables and with species richness as fixed linear effects. As in the initial model (Fig. 2, Table 1) ‘Day’ was used as smoothed effect and space as random effect. An offset of log(sampling days) was used to control for sampling period differences. Family = negative binomial was used. Insect data were recorded over a whole season (8 samplings at 179 traps), resulting in 1214 observations per model. a, phytophagous insects. b, pollinators. c, predators. d, parasites. e, parasitoids. f, detritivores.