Fig. 6: Acetate reduces ERS in neutrophils and inhibits the formation of NETs. | Communications Biology

Fig. 6: Acetate reduces ERS in neutrophils and inhibits the formation of NETs.

From: Low-dose ethanol consumption inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps formation to alleviate rheumatoid arthritis

Fig. 6: Acetate reduces ERS in neutrophils and inhibits the formation of NETs.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Scanning electron microscopy observation of treated neutrophils (Scale Bar: 2 μm). i: Neutrophil-like differentiation of HL-60 (dHL-60) cells that developed NETs after 4 h of PMA treatment in vitro. ii: There were no NETs in dHL-60 cells treated with acetate and PMA. b Immunofluorescence staining of Sytox-green (green) and MPO (red) in dHL-60 cells, showing that NETs are reduced under sodium acetate treatment (Scale Bar: 50 μm and 25 μm). c Immunofluorescence staining of MPO (green) and p-IRE1 (red) in dHL-60 cells, showing that MPO and p-IRE1 co-localization is reduced under sodium acetate treatment (Scale Bar: 10 μm and 50 μm). d The effects of GRP78/p-IRE1/IRE1/CHOP/ATF6/XBP1/H3cit/MPO in dHL-60 cells exposed to different concentrations of acetate. Data are representative of three independent experiments. e The effects of H3cit/MPO in dHL-60 cells exposed to different concentrations of ethanol. Data are representative of three independent experiments. f The effects of acetate receptor GPR43 and its downstream proteins in dHL-60 cells after stimulated by TG. Data are representative of three independent experiments. g The effects of GRP78/p-IRE1/IRE1/CHOP/ATF6/XBP1/H3cit/MPO in dHL-60 cells after stimulated by TG. Data are representative of three independent experiments. h Immunoprecipitation analysis of ubiquitination of endogenous GRK2 in dHL-60 cells. Data are representative of three independent experiments.

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