Fig. 4: Effects of optical pacing on the contact dynamics in ChR2-myoFB-CM cell pairs (without special treatment, after day 5, FB transitioned to myoFB in these experiments done on glass substrate).

a Histogram of the percentage of the myoFB-CM contact area in the 20 cell pairs at baseline for low, medium and high area of contact. b Select topographic images for the cell pairs at baseline, after 0.5 Hz pacing and after 1 Hz pacing. The indicated are areas of contact at baseline for the three examples shown. c Rate of change in contact area with progressive optical pacing (see raw data in Suppl. Fig. 2). Predominantly positive slopes (increase of contact area with pacing frequency) were seen in the low-contact pairs, while the medium and high contact groups saw a slight decrease in contact area with pacing. d Schematic illustration of the observed trends in the myoFB-CM cell pairs with pacing, as quantified in panel c. Red lines indicate the moving direction of CM, the green lines represent the moving direction of FB. Biorender was used for the cell schematics.