Fig. 7: Success of optogenetic pacing in ChR2-myoFB-CM and ChR2-FB-CM cell pairs based on baseline area of contact and dynamics of contact.

a Physical contact between ChR2-FB/myoFB and CM pairs is necessary for optical pacing. b The pacing success rate between myoFB-CM pairs and FB-CM pairs is not significantly different. c Relative cell-cell movement is higher in FB-CM pairs compared to myoFB-CM pairs. Cell pairs responsive to optogenetic pacing have lower relative cell-cell movement compared to non-responding cell pairs. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005. d Summary of the effects of contact dynamics on the success of optogenetic pacing for cell pairs with contact. The specific direction of net movement matters; only when low net movement is present, the stable connection can be established. Red arrows indicate the moving direction of CM, the green arrows represent the moving direction of FB. Biorender was used for the cell schematics.