Fig. 4: Metabolic landscape of important bioactive ingredients and the related gene expression in Angelica roots.

a Changes in metabolites between NG and EF samples. The horizontal axis shows log2-fold changes, and the vertical axis shows log2 absolute content changes. The dot colors represent the different compound classes. Numbers in brackets indicate the number of compounds upregulated in NG and EF samples. b Heatmap of the contents of metabolites “Coumarins and lignans” and “Terpenoids and phthalides” with different contents between the NG and EF groups. The data were normalized by the Z score in rows. The red and blue arrows indicate the upregulated and downregulated metabolites, respectively (VIP ≥1 and LOG2 (fold change) ≥1 or ≤−1). c Heatmap showing differential gene expression related to coumarin, lignan and lignin biosynthesis between NG and EF samples in Angelica roots. The red and blue arrows indicate the upregulated and downregulated genes (LOG2 (fold change) ≥1 or ≤−1 and p ≤0.05), respectively. Only the genes with FPKM ≥5 in at least one sample are shown.