Fig. 7: summary of renal protection mechanisms of HP through bidirectional interaction with gut microbiota in c-BSA induced experimental MN in rats.

HP effectively modulates the composition, function, and production of endogenous metabolites of gut microbiota. The gut health reinstated by HP benefits systemic immune cell dynamics and kidney functions, leading to improved chronic inflammation and glomerular IgG deposition. Consequently, renal local inflammation, macrophage infiltration, uremic toxin production and albuminuria attenuated, causing less loss of kidney function.