Fig. 2: PBM and RDM models to predict iPSC aggregation process in stirred suspension bioreactor cultures.

Panel a shows the experimental and the predicted aggregate size; Panels b shows representative experimental data and PBM predictions of size (radius) distribution for cell aggregates, denoted by \({\phi }_{R}(R,t)\), at 24, 48 and 72 h (see “Methods” section for details). The dotted orange lines represent the experimental data from Wu et al.¹⁴, while the blue lines show the PBM size distributions. c Steady-state concentration profiles of Glucose, Lactate, and Alanine for iPSC aggregates with radii ranging from 60 to 600 µm, each with identical values for diffusion coefficients \({D}_{i}^{a}\), porosity \(\varepsilon =0.27\) and tortuosity \(\tau =1.5\) and initial intracellular metabolite concentrations.