Fig. 4: Dependence of parasite-induced mortality rates on the number of shelters N, with multiple boldness strains, for varying values of Dw.

The dashed curve shows the parasite-induced mortality in a single-strain population. A Total parasite-induced mortality (measured as individuals lost per year). B Relative contribution of fighting for shelters to the overall mortality; (C) and (D) present, respectively, the non-fighting and the fighting-related parasite-induced mortality rates (measured as individuals lost per year). All model parameters and settings are as described in Fig. 2.