Fig. 3: Dated phylogeny with biogeography and prehistoric events.

a Average of global surface temperature, modified from preliminary results of a Smithsonian Institution project led by Scott Wing and Paul Huber (adapted from https://www.climate.gov/media/11332, accessed on 6 October 2022). b Estimated divergence time based on Bayesian Inference using MrBayes with Birth–death process for a tree model. The secondary calibration points are indicated by the white marks with black numbers on the nodes. Distribution informations of each species are labeled on the tips. The pie charts on nodes show the reconstructed ancestral state of distributions which are the results of biogeographic analyses using DIVALIKE + J model in BioGeoBEARS. The paleogeographic events that had been considered to be relevant lineage diversification of Rhaphidophoridae or suggested newly in this study are indicated by the black marks with white numbers on the nodes. The discussed prehistoric events are shown on the timeline. †Protroglophilinae, whose phylogenetic position has been unrevealed, is only marked according to the geological ages of the Baltic ambers. c Map for distribution of Rhaphidophoridae, referred from Cigliano et al. ¹.