Fig. 1: Avian tolerance towards humans across four temporal scales.

a–d Avian tolerance according to (a) human levels (i.e. presence) during the escape distance trial (hourly scale) measured as number of humans within a 50-meter radius, b the day of the escape trial as proxied by Google Mobility (daily scale), c week of the escape trial as proxied by the stringency of governmental measures (weekly scale), and (d) the period of the escape trial, i.e. before vs during the COVID-19 shutdowns (yearly scale). The dots with horizontal lines represent estimated standardized effect size and their 95% confidence intervals, the numbers represent sample sizes. For the countries (i.e. country-specific models) and “All” (i.e. global models containing all countries), the effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals come from the joint posterior distribution of 5000 simulated values generated by the sim function from the arm package⁹⁰ using the mixed model outputs controlled for starting distance of the observer (filled circles) or not (empty circles; Table S1⁴³; for model specification details see Methods). For the “Combined”, the estimates and 95% confidence intervals represent the meta-analytical means based on the country-specific estimates and their standard deviations (from the country-specific models), and sample size per country. Note that the effect sizes are small, and estimates tend to center around zero. For R-code generating the figure see interactive supporting material⁴³.