Fig. 5: Between-year variation in avian tolerance toward humans across species and sites.

Panels are ordered alphabetically according to species names, then country and site identifier within each country (e.g. specific park or cemetery). Boxplots outline colour highlights country, background colour indicates Period (white: before the COVID-19 shutdowns; grey: during the COVID-19 shutdowns). Boxplots depict median (horizontal line inside the box), the 25th and 75th percentiles (box) ± 1.5 times the interquartile range or the minimum/maximum value, whichever is smaller (bars), and the outliers (dots). Included are only species–site combinations with ≥5 observations per Period. The y-axes are on the log-scale. Note the lack of consistent shutdowns effects within and between species, sites and countries. For R-code generating the figure see interactive supporting material43.