Fig. 8: Changes in human levels in parks within and between years and countries.

Distributions represent histograms of daily human levels (Google Mobility), Raw data the daily values and Locally estimated scatterplot smoothing, the smoothing of the daily data across years. Dotted vertical line in Distributions indicates baseline value of human levels, separating negative values that represent decreased human presence and positive values that indicate increased human presence when compared with the country- and weekday-specific baseline human levels estimated as the median value from 3 January – 6 February 2020 (see also Methods; for weekday-specific patterns see Fig. S7⁴³). In Day in the breeding season, zeros represent the beginning of the breading season. Note that Google Mobility data were unavailable for the years before the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. before 2020) but the year 2022 was without shutdowns in the studied countries. For R-code generating the figure see interactive supporting material⁴³.