Fig. 3: Simulated steady states under a range of glucose concentrations.

Steady-state values of (a) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (in µM), (b) pyruvate (in µM), (c) calcium (in µM), (d) cytosolic and mitochondrial NADH-to-NAD ratios, (e) ATP, ADP, and AMP (in µM), (f) the ATP-to-ADP ratio, (g) the mitochondrial membrane potential (in millivolts, mV), (h) the mitochondrial population in node degrees 1, 2, and 3, and (i) the average degree of nodes were compared under different glucose concentrations. The x-axis represents relative glucose concentrations, with 5 mM being 1X in the model simulation.