Fig. 4: Mitochondria in INS-1 cells exhibited distinct morphologies under different glucose concentrations.

a Representative fluorescence images of mitochondria in INS-1 cells labeled with TMRM under our different glucose concentrations (with a baseline glucose concentration of 2 g/L, which is referred to as 1X in INS-1 cell culture medium). b Three-dimensional rendered surface images of the mitochondria in (a). The images were created using Imaris software (Oxford Instruments). The separated mitochondria are labeled with different colors corresponding to their volumes. c Histograms showing the distribution of volume and sphericity for separated mitochondrial components in an individual cell under a range of glucose concentrations. The data were acquired from cells in the images presented in (a). d Box plots of the 2D image analysis of mitochondria in INS-1 cells under different glucose concentrations. N = 60, 68, 64, and 58 cells for glucose concentrations of 0X, 1X, 3X, and 6X, respectively. The lower and upper bounds of the box are the first and third quartiles of the data, and the median is the line inside the box. The lower and upper whiskers represent the smallest and largest data points within 1.5 times the interquartile range from the first quartile and third quartile, respectively. All morphological indicator data were obtained using the image analysis pipeline in “Materials and Methods” section. Statistical significance was determined using Welch’s t test.