Fig. 9: Effects of glucose stimulation under various conditions.

a Ratios of the fusion to fission rates under the following conditions: default parameters (baseline, blue), diabetic parameters (diabetic, red), 90% ETC inhibition (rotenone, green), 90% ATP synthase inhibition (oligomycin, cyan), and five times the proton leakage rate (uncoupler, black). b Steady-state proton leakage rate (fission force) and ATP synthesis rate (fusion force) under various conditions (color codes are identical to a). Each dot represents the glucose concentration starting from 3 millimolar (the lower left dots) to 30 millimolar (the upper right dots) with an increment of 1 millimolar.