Fig. 3: Development success of male and female mosquito larvae exposed to high doses of single B vitamins or to increasing doses of biotin.

A Proportion of mosquitoes completing their development (dark grey), blocked at the larval stage (white), or dying (light grey) when reversibly colonized at the beginning of the third instar and kept in germ-free conditions (GF) or supplemented with a 50× solution of folic acid, choline, thiamine, nicotinic acid, biotin, riboflavin, or pyridoxine. A 16× folic acid solution was also added to all tested conditions. Bar charts represent the mean ± SEM of three independent replicates (individual points) except for riboflavin (two replicates). B Proportion of male adult mosquitoes emerging from the larvae treated in (A). C–E Proportion of mosquitoes (Aaeg-M strain) completing their development (dark grey), blocked at the larval stage (white), or dying (light grey) when reversibly colonized at the beginning of the third instar and kept in germ-free conditions (GF) or provided with a 1×, 4×, 8×, or 20× biotin solution. A 16× folic acid solution was also added to all tested conditions. Bar charts represent the mean ± SEM of four independent replicates (individual points) except for GF + folic acid (three replicates). Data in (C) are not sorted by sex, while data in (D) and (E) represent results for male and female mosquitoes, respectively. Numbers below graphs indicate the number of mosquitoes analysed per replicate and condition. See Supplementary Data 2 for detailed statistical information.