Fig. 1: Construction of the pan-genome and gene PAV analysis in S. frugiperda.

A The fitting graph showing the total number of genes in the pan-genome and the number of core genes as the sample size varies (each sample size point is randomly drawn 100 times, followed by fitting). B The distribution of core genes, softcore genes, shell genes, and cloud genes, with a pie chart showing the proportions of different gene types. C Distribution of gene numbers in different regions of S. frugiperda, calculated based on gene PAV. D Phylogenetic tree of S. frugiperda and population structure obtained based on binary gene PAV data. E KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results for shell genes. F Pfam enrichment analysis results for shell genes.