Fig. 2: The figure shows the relationship between two different indices of degree of female power over males and the frequency of female coalition formation.

a shows the relationship between frequency of all female coalition formation and the proportion of conflicts in which females received submission from males submitted to females; and b shows the relationship between frequency of all female coalition formation and the average proportion of males in a community outranked by each female. The dashed line and the grey polygon show the fitted model and its confidence limits for the percentage of days with more than two maximally tumescent females being at its average (model estimates from the models with random slope of FFC). Area of dots is proportionate to number of agonistic interactions observed between sexes (a; range 15–235) and the overall number of conflicts with submissions (b; range 58–493) during a given year. Colors depict the communities Ekalakala (EKA), Fekako (FEK), Kokoalongo (KOK), Bompusa West (LKB), Bompusa East (LKE).