Fig. 2: HKDC1 promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, and lipid metabolism of OC cells in vitro.

A The efficacy of HKDC1 knockdown in SKOV3 cells and its overexpression in HEY cells was confirmed by qRT-PCR and WB analyses. B CCK-8 proliferation assays were used to quantify cell growth following HKDC1 knockdown in SKOV3 cells and overexpression in HEY cells. C Colony-forming assays were conducted to assess the proliferative capacity of both SKOV3 and HEY cells under HKDC1 modulation. D Wound healing assays at 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h, evaluating the migratory ability of SKOV3 cells with HKDC1 knockdown and HEY cells with HKDC1 overexpression. E Transwell invasion assays showing the invasive potential of SKOV3 and HEY cells modulated by HKDC1. F WB analysis indicating PD-L1 protein expression in HKDC1-knockdown SKOV3 cells and HKDC1-overexpressing HEY cells. G Biochemical kits were used to quantify the intracellular levels of FFA, TG, PL, and CHO in both HKDC1-modulated cell lines. H BODIPY 493/503 staining visualized neutral lipid accumulation in HKDC1-knockdown SKOV3 cells and HKDC1-overexpressing HEY cells. I The mRNA and protein levels of key enzymes involved in FA synthesis (ACC1, FASN, SCD1), CHO biosynthesis (HMGCS1, HMGCR), FA uptake (CD36), and FA oxidation (CPT1A) were analyzed using qRT-PCR and WB in SKOV3 and HEY cells following HKDC1 modulation. ns not significant, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, ^****P < 0.0001, unpaired two-tailed t-tests. n = 3 biologically independent samples. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.