Fig. 4: Antibacterial mechanisms of COL/NIC-mPEG-PLGA-NPs against colistin-resistant E. coli. | Communications Biology

Fig. 4: Antibacterial mechanisms of COL/NIC-mPEG-PLGA-NPs against colistin-resistant E. coli.

From: Amphiphilic mPEG-PLGA copolymer nanoparticles co-delivering colistin and niclosamide to treat colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria infections

Fig. 4

a Membrane permeability analysis of bacteria treated with PBS, COL (1.25 μg/mL), NIC (0.48 μg/mL), COL + NIC (1.25 μg/mL + 0.48 μg/mL), Blank-NPs (128 μg/ mL), or COL/NIC-mPEG-PLGA-NPs (nanoparticles 128 μg/mL containing colistin at 1.25 μg/mL and niclosamide at 0.48 μg/mL) via fluorescence of NPN. b DiSC3(5) membrane potential measurement for different treatments. c Ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation in different treatments (CCCP, positive control) after 1 h to reflect the efflux pump effect. d Intracellular ATP levels at different treatments. e Intracellular ROS generation profile of bacteria after different treatments for 30 min via the ROS probe DCFH-DA. f Plate colony images of bacteria treated with COL/NIC-mPEG-PLGA-NPs in the presence or absence of ROS quencher L-ascorbic acid (L-Aa, 10 mM). g H2O2 levels at different treatments. (n = 3; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01; analysis performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test).

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