Fig. 5: Enhanced gut dysbiosis is observed in sand fly-infected malnourished animals in the chronic stage of VL. | Communications Biology

Fig. 5: Enhanced gut dysbiosis is observed in sand fly-infected malnourished animals in the chronic stage of VL.

From: Malnutrition exacerbates pathogenesis of Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly-transmitted Leishmania donovani

Fig. 5

a–e Microbes in fecal matter from animals at baseline (WN and MN), after infected vector bites (WN-SF and MN-SF), or needle challenge (MN-ND) were compared. a Box plots showing the alpha diversity among groups calculated using observed richness and Shannon index values. b Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot showing the beta diversity of WN-SF and MN-SF animals generated using a Bray–Curtis distance matrix. c Relative abundance bar plot of the top ten genera across groups. d Raw abundance box plots showing the top statistically significant differentially abundant bacteria for WN-SF compared to MN-SF. e Raw abundance plots for Akkermansia and Bacteroides, enriched in some MN-SF animals, but not significantly. Cumulative data of 2 experiments, n ≥ 3 animals per group, except for MN baseline where only one sample was analyzed. Data shows the mean with min and max points (a, d, e); *p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant, calculated by Wilcoxon test (a); differential abundance and significance were calculated using the ANCOM-BC tool (FDR adjusted p value ≤ 0.05) (d, e). All experiments were blinded.

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