Fig. 6: Mannose activates NLRP1/Caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β-dependent pyroptosis.

A PCR analysis of NF-κB-induced cytokine expression in mannose-treated bladder cancer cells. B PCR analysis of pyroptosis-induced gasdermin gene expression in mannose-treated bladder cancer cells. C PCR analysis of genes upstream of GSDMD in mannose-treated bladder cancer cells. D Examination of the activation of pyroptosis pathways in response to mannose in bladder cancer cells. E Examination of the activation of NOD-like receptor pathways in response to mannose in bladder cancer cells. F Examination of the activation of NLRP1 and Caspase-1 by supplementation with lactate in mannose-treated bladder cancer cells. G Examination of LDH release by the addition of lactate to mannose-treated bladder cancer cells. Analysis of the transcriptional regulation of pyroptosis genes by the NF-κB transcription factor p65: H IL-1β, I GSDMD, J Caspase-1, K NLRP1. L. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the impact of mannose treatment on pyroptosis-related protein expression levels in xenograft tumor tissues from nude mice.