Fig. 4: Analysis of the impact of si-PGC-1α LNP on T24 cell metabolism.

A Workflow diagram for the Metabolomics study, including sample preparation, metabolite extraction, LC-MS analysis, and data analysis steps (created by BioRender); (B–E) Multivariate statistical methods were used to demonstrate the differences between the two cell groups in terms of metabolites, including PCA, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA), Sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLSDA), and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OrthoPLSDA); (F) A volcano plot displays differential expression of metabolites, where gray dots represent metabolites with no significant difference, blue dots represent significantly downregulated metabolites, and red dots represent significantly upregulated metabolites; (G–J) Heatmaps depict the expression patterns of different metabolites involved in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and amino acid metabolism pathways, where red represents upregulation and blue represents downregulation; each group in the metabolome analysis consisted of four samples.