Fig. 1: Analytic strategy to derive polygenic scores related to insulin resistance in TOPMed.

LD Linkage Disequilibrium, T2D Type 2 Diabetes, FI Fasting Insulin, MtS Metabolic Syndrome, ALP alkaline phosphatase. EUR/AFR/AMR denotes LD reference panels provided by PRS-CSx and constructed using the UK Biobank data (Pan UKBB European ancestry, African ancestry, and Admixed American ancestry); Left-side panel has been adapted from Ruan et al.68.