Fig. 7: Exosome transcriptomics (n = 16 participants).

A Differential non-coding exRNAs (miRNAs, ncRNAs) on volcano plot of -log₁₀p versus log₂FC (pre/post difference). Blue/red dots denote exRNAs prevalent in pre/post-intervention exosomes, respectively; green dots denote exRNAs without significant difference. Dashed orange lines indicate p < 0.1 and log₂FC > ±0.58 thresholds. Full list of exRNAs on Supplementary Table 17. B Differential expression (log₂-transformed TMM-normalized counts) of 18 non-coding exRNAs. Colors indicate counts. Sample name: (M male, F female)_participantID_(pre; post)_(E, advanced; N, novice). C, D Principal component analysis of top normalized exRNA counts. Encircled are clusters corresponding to C pre/post, and D novice/advanced. E Eigenvector plot showing the correlation of principal components to variables’ metadata and test significances (** denotes p < 0.01; * denotes p < 0.05). Values correspond to Pearson R² values and are colored by significance. F Differential protein-coding exRNAs (excluding ncRNAs) on volcano scatter plot of -log₁₀p versus log₂FC (pre/post difference). Blue/red dots denote exRNAs prevalent in pre/post exosomes, respectively; green dots denote exRNAs without significant difference. Dashed orange lines indicate p < 0.1, log₂FC > ±0.58 thresholds. G TMM-normalized counts of log₂-transformed protein-coding exRNAs with highest variance across samples. Color scale indicates counts. Sample name: (M male, F female)_participantID_(pre; post)_(E, advanced; N, novice). H Reactome pathway analysis of protein-coding exRNAs enriched in pre-vs-post intervention exosomes. Color indicates p-value; circle size indicates exRNA count per pathway.