Fig. 4: Prediction of subjects’ age, sex, fluid intelligence, and dominant hand grip strength using task contrast maps and resting-state connectome on UK Biobank.

We predicted subjects’ demographic and cognitive measures in the UK Biobank dataset using three modalities: resting-state connectome, actual contrast map from the EMOTION task, and seven synthetic task contrast maps. All predictions were made using L2 regularized regression (i.e., ridge regression) within a 5-fold cross-validation framework with permutation testing \((P=1000)\). Blue represents resting-state connectome and actual task contrast maps, while red represents predicted task contrast maps. Note that only the EMOTION task has both actual and predicted contrast maps on UKB, indicated in blue and red, while the remaining six tasks are indicated in red as UKB does not provide them. Significant predictions based on permutation testing are highlighted. Colored horizontal lines indicate mean prediction performance across CV folds. Balanced accuracy was used for sex classification, while Pearson’s correlation assessed the other variables. Sample sizes for all analyses are indicated in each figure. An asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference in prediction performance between annotated maps and resting-state connectome data, while two asterisks (**) represent a significant difference between the annotated maps and actual task-contrast maps. Detailed test statistics are provided in Supplementary Tables 16, and 18–21.