Fig. 3: Relative phases during picture naming task.

a, b Significant appearance of relative phase sign (advance (red) or delay (blue)) (a) and relative phase polarity (in-phase (dark gray) or out-phase (light gray)) (b) for each ROI and time (p < 0.05). The colored circle in the bottom right of the figures summarizes these color indices. “Adv.” and “Del.” denote “Advance” and “Delay”, respectively. The white area denotes no significance. c Topographical map of the relative phases at 0.4 s after picture presentation onset. Circles indicate the locations of each ROI, where the fill color indicates the relative phases at each ROI. Bold edges represent the significant appearance of the positive and negative signs (advance (red) or delay (blue)) and/or polarities of the relative phases (in-phase (dark gray) or out-phase (light gray)), using the identical color indices in (a) and (b). Colored border pattern denotes their combination (advance and in-phase (red and dark gray), delay and in-phase (blue and dark gray), advance and out-phase (red and light gray), and delay and out-phase (blue and light gray)). d Sorted relative phases at 0.4 s after picture onset presentation. The filled colors of the bars indicate the significant appearance of signs and/or polarities of relative phases, with identical color indices in (c). e, f Picture onset-related changes of the relative phases from a baseline (-0.2–0 s of picture onset). Significant changes of the relative phases from the baseline are shown in a spatiotemporal map (e) and a topographical map (f) at 0.6 s after stimulus onset. g, h Articulation-related changes of the relative phases from a baseline (-0.2–0 s of articulation) are shown in a spatiotemporal map (g) and a topographical map (h).