Fig. 6: Mechanism by which LPG-9 improves placental inflammation.

LPG-9 modified the bile acids composition by converting primary bile acids (Pri BAs) to secondary bile acids (Sec BAs) via BSH. Among these, placental TGR5, activated by secondary bile acids, negatively regulated the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway and attenuated ICP-associated placental inflammation. Reduced T-β-MCA activated the hepatic FXR-BSEP signaling pathway and increased hepatic bile acid secretion. No significant change in bile acid uptake was observed, thus promoting bile acid excretion in ICP model mice.