Fig. 2

The ANE effect extracted from TMS measurements. a Exemplary TMS measurement curve showing the Seebeck voltage vs. the external field (red line). The ranges with parallel and antiparallel magnetization alignment of both electrodes are indicated by the black arrows. The blue area marks the difference \({\mathrm{\Delta }}V_{{\mathrm{ANE}}}\) between the voltage measured in parallel magnetization configuration for both directions \(V_{{\mathrm{p1}}}\) and \(V_{{\mathrm{p2}}}\). b The extracted \({\mathrm{\Delta }}V_{{\mathrm{ANE}}}\) values are plotted vs. the laser position in a three-dimensional surface plot with a false color projection at the bottom. The black ellipse outlines the MTJ area, the gray dashed cross is located along the principal axes. ϕ_∇T indicates the angle between the external field \(\mu _0H\) and the temperature gradient direction. c \({\mathrm{\Delta }}V_{{\mathrm{ANE}}}\) values extracted along the ellipses contour plotted with error bars against the temperature gradient angle ϕ_∇T together with the fitted sine curve