Fig. 6: Effect of the amount of structural variation on multiple-shot coherent diffraction imaging.

a Simulated diffraction intensity patterns of each model accumulated over the dwell time. The root mean square displacements (RMSDs) of the models are indicated at the top. Object transmission functions of the models averaged over the frame time (left) and the corresponding reconstructions by the multiple-shot coherent diffraction imaging with multiple-frame ptychographic iterative engine with total-variation regularisation (mf-PIE-TV) (right) at a glycerine concentration and temperature of b 90%w/v and 323 K, c 80%w/v and 343 K, and d 50%w/v and 343 K, respectively. Phase (upper) and absorption (lower) images of three successive frames at frame numbers 499–501 are shown. The illuminated area on the models are indicated with the broken circles. The RMSDs of each model are indicated on the left in pixels per frame. e Temporal-averaged Fourier ring correlation (FRC) curves of each model, plotted in order of increasing the RMSDs with the red, orange, green, light blue, blue, and purple solid lines. The broken line indicates a 0.5 threshold and corresponding spatial frequency. The colour scale for the diffraction patterns and grayscale for the object images are same as those in Fig. 4. Scale bars indicate 1 μm.