Fig. 1: Schematic arrangement of the quantum-dot array set-up.
From: Signatures of discrete time-crystallinity in transport through an open Fermionic chain

t, U, and K are the hopping, onsite and nearest-neighbor interactions, respectively. V(t) represents the external time-periodic drive. γL and γR are the system left-lead and system right-lead couplings, respectively (note the direction of the arrow indicating the one-way electron transfer, i.e., an infinite bias condition) which is taken to be the same for both spin-up and spin-down electrons. Onsite dephasing is given by Γ.