Fig. 6: Energy gain of carbon impurity ions and bulk ions after the transit-time damping.
Distribution function of ion velocity at reff/a99 = 0.79, before (black circles and lines) and at the onset of solitary wave (red and blue circles and lines) for a carbon impurity ions and for b bulk ion and the difference of velocity distribution function before and 0.15 ms (red), 0.55 ms (gray), 0.95 ms (green), 1.35 ms (purple), 1.75 ms (black), 2.15 ms (orange) after the onset of solitary wave for c carbon impurity ions and 0 ms (blue), 0.5 ms (gray), 1.0 ms (green), 1.5 ms (purple), 2.0 ms (black), 2.5 ms (orange) after the onset of solitary wave for d bulk ions. The time evolution of e zero-cross velocity and f energy gain (M2M0) of bulk ions (blue circles) and carbon impurity ions (red circles). The error bars in e and f are uncertainties attributed to an evaluation of zero-cross velocity and integration of bipolar signature, respectively, and they are smaller than the symbols. (#175095, #175097, #175104, #175364, #175366).
