Fig. 7: FEM Simulation domain.
From: Elastic orbital angular momentum transfer from an elastic pipe to a fluid

Fully coupled acousto-elastic equations are solved for between the aluminium pipe and air, the pipe and the water, and the air and water. The boundary load applied at z = 0 to top surface of the pipe represents the excitation from the piezoelectric disc, shown as magenta circle of diameter 35 mm. Dashed lines correspond to cylindrical radiation boundaries.