Fig. 3: Time-sequence of a single droplet breakup in turbulence.
From: The interaction of droplet dynamics and turbulence cascade
The simulation is performed at μd/μc = 1 and \(W{e}_{{{{{{{{\mathcal{L}}}}}}}}}=42.6\). The volume fraction is set to α = 0.0775 (1 droplet of diameter d), so that κd = 2π/d ~ 3. Top panels show the temporal evolution of the interface during breakup, while vorticity is shown on projected planes. Bottom panels show the surface tension energy transfer function \({{{{{{{{\mathcal{S}}}}}}}}}_{\sigma }\) (see Eq. (2) and Material and Methods) normalized by its maximum values to improve readability. In each plot, in dashed-blue the instantaneous value of \({{{{{{{{\mathcal{S}}}}}}}}}_{\sigma }\) (corresponding to the snapshot above), while the time-averaged value in statistical-stationary condition is reported using a black line. The dotted red line indicates κd and time t is normalized with the large-eddies turnover time \({{{{{{{{\mathcal{T}}}}}}}}}_{{{{{{{{\mathcal{L}}}}}}}}}\). The panels show the droplet deformation during the incipient (panel a with green background), the sub-critical (panels b and c with yellow background) and the super-critical (panels d and e with red background) states.The corresponding video is provided with the Supplementary Movie 1.
