Table 1 Parameter settings for the simulations considered in this study: viscosity ratio μ_d/μ_c, Weber number \(W{e}_{{{{{{{{\mathcal{L}}}}}}}}}\) with surface tension σ, volume fraction α and integration time to reach statistical convergence \({N}_{{{{{{{{\mathcal{T}}}}}}}}}\).

	μ_d/μ_c	\(W{e}_{{{{{{{{\mathcal{L}}}}}}}}}\)	σ	α	\({N}_{{{{{{{{\mathcal{T}}}}}}}}}\)
SP2	–	–	–	–	136
BE1	1	42.6	0.46	0.03	115
BE2	1	42.6	0.46	0.1	100
V11	0.01	42.6	0.46	0.03	115
V12	0.1	42.6	0.46	0.03	100
V13	10	42.6	0.46	0.03	64
V14	100	42.6	0.46	0.03	60
V21	0.01	42.6	0.46	0.1	115
V22	0.1	42.6	0.46	0.1	100
V23	10	42.6	0.46	0.1	64
V24	100	42.6	0.46	0.1	60
C12	1	42.6	0.46	0.06	100
C13	1	42.6	0.46	0.0775	100
C14	1	42.6	0.46	0.5	100
W11	1	10.6	1.84	0.03	160
W12	1	21.2	0.92	0.03	160
W13	1	106.5	0.184	0.03	100

All simulations are performed with μ_c = 0.006 and same ABC forcing using N = 512 grid point in each direction. Each case is denoted by a letter indicating the parameter which is varied: V for viscosity ratio, C volume fraction and W Weber number. SP are the single-phase flows and BE are configurations which recur in different parameterizations (base emulsions). For the single-phase case, the energy dissipation rate is ε ≈ 1.4[L²][T⁻³], resulting in \({\eta }_{sp}={({\nu }^{3}/\left\langle \varepsilon \right\rangle )}^{1/4}\approx 2\delta x\) The dissipation is approximately constant in all conditions.

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