Fig. 1: Schematic diagrams of plasmon dispersions.

a The isotropic plasmon with \({\alpha }_{x}={\alpha }_{y}\). b The anisotropic plasmon dispersion with \({\alpha }_{x}=0\) and \({\alpha }_{y}\ne 0\). c The electronic band structure of a quasi-one-dimensional electron gas (Q1DEG) system with a linear energy-momentum dispersion relation of \(E({{{{{\boldsymbol{k}}}}}})=\hslash {v}_{F}|{k}_{y}|-{E}_{F}\). d Schematic representation of the distinct carrier density-dependent plasmon frequency for conventional electron gas (EG) (blue curve) and Q1DEG systems (pink line).