Fig. 9: Low-temperature collision correction of hydrogen.

a Electron-ion collision frequency versus electron temperature with (orange dashed line) and without (blue line) low-temperature correction. Red dashed line: Fermi temperature of hydrogen. b Current density of hot electrons as calculated by equation (27) from the PIConGPU simulation with a Coulomb logarithm of 5 in Fig. 10. c Electron-temperature evolution from PIConGPU (blue dashed line) and as calculated from the current density in fig. (b) by taking into account the low-temperature-collision correction (black dashed line).