Fig. 2: The number density imbalance under open boundary conditions. | Communications Physics

Fig. 2: The number density imbalance under open boundary conditions.

From: Collective non-Hermitian skin effect: point-gap topology and the doublon-holon excitations in non-reciprocal many-body systems

Fig. 2

The number density imbalance in the half-filled Hatano-Nelson model of spin-half fermions under both open boundary conditions (OBC) and periodic boundary conditions when the ratio of Coulomb repulsion U to hopping strength t (U/t) is (a) 0 and (b) 10, and the imaginary vector potential A is 0.3. The imbalance \({{{{{{\mathcal{I}}}}}}}_{E}^{R}\) is calculated by \({\sum }_{L/2\le l < L}{n}_{E}^{R}\left(l\right)-{\sum }_{0\le l < L/2}{n}_{E}^{R}\left(l\right)\), where \({n}_{E}^{R}\left(l\right)\) is the number density of right eigenvalues at the lth site. c–f the number density distributions as a function of imaginary gauge potential A for specific right eigenstates, where no, one, two, and four doublon-holon pairs play a dominant role for OBC. All results are obtained for a lattice size of eight (L = 8).

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