Fig. 3: Heating per transport.

a Heating per transport for several transport times ttp using voltage waveforms without filter predistortion. Each data point (red, representing the mean) and the respective error (blue, ± standard deviation) are obtained from the Gaussian envelope of a sideband spectrum acquired after ion transport. A total of around 20 sidebands per spectrum were probed, where each sideband scan is obtained from 1250 Raman interrogations. The black dashed line shows the transport-induced heating averaged for 10 ms ≤ttp ≤15 ms transport times. Gray dashed lines filled in light gray show the error bands of the averages with a confidence level of ± one standard deviation. The solid black line shows an exponential decay fit to the data to guide the eye. b Heating per transport for several transport times ttp using voltage waveforms with filter predistortion. The black dashed line shows the transport-induced heating averaged for all transport times.