Fig. 2: An example to illustrate the mapping process.

a HUBO-graph and (b) G-graph for HUBO with objective in Eq. (4). Both graphs are obtained through the method introduced in the Methods. The solid lines in each figure represent the edges of the graph, while the dashed lines indicate its dual graph. The G-graph and the HUBO-graph are the dual graphs for each other. The numbers denote the labels of binary spins in the HUBO problem.