Fig. 4: Analysis of electric force distribution, average wetting area, and total forces acting on bubbles in electric field-enhanced pool boiling.
From: Mesoscopic insights into effects of electric field on pool boiling for leaky dielectric fluids
a Selected snapshots showing the distribution of electric force on the gas-liquid interface when \({{{\rm{T}}}}^{* }=19.2\), the black areas in the images represent the solid-liquid interfaces, subfigures within the bracket show a zoomed‑in view of the electric force distribution. b Normalized wetted surface area for conventional pool boiling (filled bars in a chart) and EF pool boiling (hollow and dashed bars in the chart). c External forces magnitude \({{{\rm{F}}}}_{{{\rm{ext}}}}\) as a function of normalized bubble size \({{{\rm{R}}}}_{ < > }^{* }\) at the instant after the first bubble shedding, where the dashed line represents the power law fit equation. The symbols in (c) are color-mapped by the electric force ratio \({{{\rm{F}}}}_{{{\rm{ele}}}}/{{{\rm{F}}}}_{{{\rm{ext}}}}\), the upper blue region represents the buoyancy dominated regime, while the red region corresponds to the electric force dominated regime.
