Table 1 A summary of the previously proposed optical microrobots that give out-of-plane rotation compared to our proposed design

From: Optical chiral microrobot for out-of-plane rotation

Design approach

Full-cycle-rotation

Normalized optical torque

Sequential trapping24

No

Not reported

Joints25

No

Not reported

Paddle-wheel26

yes

9%

Chirality (our design)

yes

17%

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