Extended Data Fig. 5: Training DPNNs under three types of systematic errors for the FMNIST classification.

The performances of DAT for DPNN-S (a) and DPNN-M (b) are compared with the PAT and direct deployment of in silico-trained models under different amounts of systematic errors. The DPNN-S is only trained without internal states (DAT w/o IS), while the DPNN-M is trained with (DAT w/ IS) and without internal states.