Fig. 3: Performance evaluation of the VirtualMultiplexer.

a, Example H&E core from the EMPaCT TMA. b, Real, unpaired IHC-stained cores for different antibody markers corresponding to the H&E core in a. c, Virtually stained IHC cores, now paired with the H&E core in a. d, Comparison of the VirtualMultiplexer with state-of-the-art S2S models. Barplots and error bars indicate the mean and standard deviation of the FID score from three independent runs of each model. Number of test samples used varies per marker and is reported in each subplot. e, Results of the visual Turing test, where circles indicate results of the guess of each one of the n = 4 experts, and barplots and error bars indicate the corresponding mean and standard variation. f, Assessment of staining quality of the virtual and real stainings, performed on 50 real and 50 virtual images. RR, real as real; RV, real as virtual; VR, virtual as real; VV, virtual as virtual.