Fig. 3: Ectopic JAK–STAT activation correlates with poor clinical outcomes.
a, IHC staining of annotated JAK–STAT proteins on benign prostate tissues or PCa samples; n = 2 independent tumors in each group. b,c, Relative expression of JAK1 (b) and STAT1 (c) in benign prostate tissues or PCa samples. The center line indicates the median, the box limits indicate upper and lower quartiles and the whiskers indicate maximum and minimum values. P values were calculated by a two-sided Mann–Whitney test; n = 10 benign prostate samples; n = 11 PCa tumors. d, Schematic figure representing the generation and examination of the PDE model. The figure was created with BioRender.com; Veh, vehicle. e, Relative expression of JAK1 in a series of PDEs treated with vehicle (DMSO) or Enz (10 µM) for 24 h. f, Relative expression of STAT1 in a series of PDEs treated with vehicle (DMSO) or Enz (10 µM) for 24 h. For e and f, n = 7 independent PDEs, and data show mean ± s.e.m. P values were calculated by two-sided t-test. g, Principal-component analysis (PCA) plots of human CRPC biopsy samples; participant 1, n = 2,691 cells, CRPC-adeno; participant 5, n = 2,123 cells, CRPC-NE. For each sample, single-cell transcriptomic profiles are colored by the expression (log2 CPM) of selected genes representing canonical signaling pathways and lineage-related transcriptional programs. The schematic figure was created with BioRender.com. h–l, Violin plots representing the expression scores of canonical JAK–STAT signaling, AR signaling and lineage marker genes in subclones with high versus low TP53/RB1 expression in both participants 1 and 5. The center line indicates the median, upper and lower lines indicate upper and lower quartiles and violin limits indicate maximum and minimum values; TP53/RB1-high: participant 1 n = 2,215 cells and participant 5 n = 1,796 cells; TP53/RB1-low: participant 1 n = 476 cells and participant 5 n = 327 cells. P values were calculated by two-sided Mann–Whitney test.
