Fig. 4: Cu K-edge XANES spectra for pristine samples.

a Comparison of XANES spectra taken from the pristine REBCO coated conductor with polycrystalline Cu foil, Cu2O powder and CuO powder standards. All data taken with the incident beam at 45° to the sample normal. Following the method in Heald et al.12, the energy calibration has been performed by setting zero energy to the first peak in the first derivative of the spectrum from the Cu foil standard. b Orientation-dependent XANES spectra for the pristine REBCO sample. Comparisons of the 80° and 10° experimental data from the pristine sample with \(\hat{E}| |\)c and \(\hat{E}| |\)a/b modelled spectra calculated by DFT are shown in c and d, respectively. Insets show schematic diagrams of the experimental geometry.