Fig. 6: Water-soaking results for damaged PSCs.

a Schematic of the device with a HAP encapsulation layer. b Photographs of failure tests from broken PSCs immersed in water for various times. The black colour turns to yellow showing perovskite degradation to PbI2. c Pb concentration in the water surrounding the broken cells as a function of time. d Pb residual concentration in water after 24 h for each of the devices. At 100% s-HAP the Pb concentration is below the safe level for drinking water in the US (red dashed line).