Fig. 4: The development of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and other emerging perovskite-based tandem devices.

a Schematic illustration for the layered structure of a monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell. b Certified J–V curve measured at the Fraunhofer ISE, including the MPP value and the device parameters (red), in comparison to a tandem cell with PTAA (gray) as the HTL measured in-house. a, b adapted with permission from ref. ⁴⁸, Copyright 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science. c Illustration of the p–i–n device structure, grain boundary passivation (GBP) and top surface passivation (TSP) strategies, and the molecular structure of the PhenHCl passivation molecule used in the study. c adapted with permission from ref. ⁵¹, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc. d, e Comparison of the original efficiency of the PSTSC device stored in a nitrogen atmosphere (d) without CsBr after 8760 h and (e) with CsBr after 10488 h. d, e adapted with permission from ref. ⁵², Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH. f Cross-sectional SEM images of a textured c-Si with an average pyramid size of 2 μm (top) and corresponding substrates covered by solution-processed perovskite crystals (bottom). f adapted with permission from ref. ⁵³, Copyright 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science. g Device architecture of a perovskite/CZTSSe tandem solar cell. h J–V curves of various types of the sub- and tandem cells based on a perovskite and CZTSSe. g, h adapted with permission from ref. ⁵⁹, Copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH.