Fig. 3: The mechanical properties and pseudo-elastic behavior of the HFCs.
a The stress–strain curves for the HFC with different Tn. b The tensile strength and elongation at break for the HFC with different Tn. c The stress of HFC with different Tn at the strain of 200% and 250%. d, e Stress–strain curves, tensile strength, and elongation at break for the HFC wrapped with different sized Cu wires but with the same Tn of 330, respectively. f The effects of Cu wire diameter on the stress of HFC at the pre-stretched strain of 200%. g Photograph of HFC during stretching. One can find that, even after the failure of Cu wire as indicated by the yellow arrow, the unbroken part of the wire is still coupled with the elastomer (see the yellow square region). h The mechanical hysteresis phenomenon caused by pseudo-elastic behavior of the HFC as revealed by the cycling testing of loading-unloading. All the samples were tested at room temperature with a stretching speed of 100 mm min−1.
